Sports and nature conservation

Here is a good article on sports and nature conservation written by Sue Mainka, IUCN’s Head of Science and Knowledge Management. I found it very interesting. 


Sports and species – like oil and water or a good mix?

By Sue Mainka, IUCN’s Head of Science and Knowledge Management.

Sports are a universal part of human society with, apparently, more than three billion people following or playing football (that’s soccer to North Americans) and, according to the British Journal of Sports Medicine, 75 million tennis players worldwide. How does this huge facet of society affect biodiversity conservation and can we harness all that enthusiasm in the name of nature? We looked at a few recent reports on both individual sports and mega-sporting events to try answer these questions.

Catherine Pickering and colleagues looked at the environmental impact of three different outdoor sports – hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding – in Australia and the USA. The types of impacts across all three sports were quite similar and included loss of vegetation, soil erosion, trail degradation and introduction of invasive alien species. There was a difference in intensity with horseback riding often having greater impact likely due to the weight of your average horse vs. your average human +/- bike. However, the authors note that there is still little research on relative impacts across outdoor sports, especially in protected areas, and more work should be done to help managers develop and implement programmes that can minimize such impacts.

Meanwhile Veronika Braunisch and her colleagues report on a new technique to evaluate the impact of free-ranging winter sports activities on mountain biodiversity. With the Black Grouse as their indicator species and using aerial photographs, they compared locations of these grouse with locations for off-piste skiers and people who were snowshoeing. They determined that only 23% of winter habitat for the grouse was free of human disturbance showing that winter sport infrastructure is not the only issue when looking at biodiversity impacts. Braunisch also points out that another factor to consider is the increased stress caused by proximity to people and the consequent increase in energy costs for species during winter, an already stressful time.

Lincoln Larsen and his colleagues looked at the potential influence of participation in outdoor recreation in promoting what they termed ‘pro-environmental behaviors’. The pro-environmental behaviors that they chose to assess, namely taking personal action such as recycling, reading environmental literature and contributing to/ being a member of an environmental group, were linked with participation in outdoor recreation although the strength of that association did differ across demographic groups surveyed.

Two reports provide feedback on some of the best known mega events today. Justine Paquette and her colleagues report on how environmental sustainability has been integrated into the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) developed an environmental policy in 1992 and the first Games that explicitly included sustainability were the Lillehammer Winter Olympics in 1994. Paquette reports that the IOC policies to support integration of sustainability into Olympic planning and operations are in place and that most bids today do include environment as an explicit element of their proposal. However, as a local organizing committee moves from bid to development and implementation, environmental sustainability often suffers due to resource and capacity limitations.

According to Harald Dolles and Sten Söderman, the FIFA World Cup first explicitly addressed environmental sustainability much later than the Olympics – namely for the 2006 World Cup in Germany. The German World Cup set targets for five key environmental issues - water, waste, energy, transport and climate - however some targets, such as those for energy, were not fully met. The authors raise thought-provoking questions relating to such sporting events and the environment. Firstly, is it really the mandate of a sporting organization to integrate environmental issues and secondly, how can we mainstream global scale environmental visions into local organizational and development needs.

Sports fans and athletes of all types would seem to be a ripe audience for environmental conservation communication and action. At individual levels, they are having an impact on the very environment they use while participating in sports. They should be enthusiastic participants in conservation given guidance on ‘good environmental conduct’. At team and mega-event levels, the global attention to sustainability is starting to trickle down but it seems that local constraints and priorities still determine how well sustainability actions are implemented. Surely such events, and associations that support them, could more actively and consistently pursue environmental sustainability agendas along with integrating monitoring and lessons learned from one event to the next? Many of us are both conservationists and sports enthusiasts, and, in the end, it will be up to us to promote better environmental stewardship at all levels of sports.

References Cited

1)Pickering CM, Hill W, Newsome D, et al (2010). Comparing hiking, mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America. J. Env Management 91: 551–562.

2)Braunisch V, Patthey P, And Arlettaz RL (2011). Spatially explicit modeling of conflict zones between wildlife and snow sports: prioritizing areas for winter refuges. Ecological Applications 21: 955–967.

3)Larson L, Whiting J, and Green G. (2011). Exploring the influence of outdoor recreation participation on pro-environmental behaviour in a demographically diverse population. Local Environment 16(1): 67-86.

4)Paquette J, Stevens J, and Mallen, C (2011) The interpretation of environmental sustainability by the International Olympic Committee and Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games from 1994 to 2008, Sport in Society, 14: 3, 355 – 369.

5)Dolles, H, and S. Söderman (2010). Addressing ecology and sustainability in mega-sporting events: The 2006 football World Cup in Germany. Journal of Management & Organization 16: 587–600.

New discovery may bring in small revision of biology textbooks

Biologists at UC San Diego have discovered a never-before-noticed component of our basic genetic material. The new discovery, made possible by high powered microscope, is a chromatin particle halfway between DNA and a nucleosome. Eventhough it looks like a nucleosome it is in fact a distinct particle of its own. This novel particle is a precursor to a nucleosome.

Till now we believed that chromatin, the natural state of DNA in the cell, is made up of nucleosomes and nucleosomes are the basic repeating unit of chromatin.

The new findings make it necessary to reconsider what chromatin is. The discovery of pre-nucleosomes suggests that much of chromatin, which has been generally presumed to consist only of nucleosomes, may in fact be a mixture of nucleosomes and pre-nucleosomes

The researchers say this discovery may be the beginning of a revolution in our understanding of what chromatin is.

Reindeer has unusual ability to see UV light

Dr Glen Jeffrey and his colleagues at University College London and the University of Tromsø in Norway have discovered that Reindeer has the unusual ability to perceive UV light. The Reindeer put it to very effective use to spot predators against snowy background. The researchers show that the cornea and lens in Arctic reindeer do not block all UV and that the retina responds electrophysiologically to these wavelengths. UV is normally highly damaging to the retina, resulting in photoreceptor degeneration. 

The primary winter food source of Reindeer, lichens, and the fur of its main predator, the wolf, absorbs UV light. This makes them stand out against the UV-reflecting snowy landscape.

Details of the research appear in the latest issue of Journal of Experimental Biology.

Invertebrate conservation - impediments and imponderables

The seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them

Pedro Cardoso, Terry L. Erwin,Paulo A.V. Borges and Tim R. New

Biological Conservation
Article in Press, Corrected Proof

This is only a sneak preview of the upcoming paper. The article is in press with corrected proof.

When it comes to conservation invertebrates often get step motherly treatment. In this paper the researchers identify seven impediments to their effective protection:

 (1) Invertebrates and their ecological services are mostly unknown to the general public which the researchers refer to as the public dilemma.

(2) Policymakers and stakeholders are mostly unaware of invertebrate conservation problems which the researchers refer to as the political dilemma.

(3) Basic science on invertebrates is scarce and underfunded which the researchers refer to as the scientific dilemma.

 (4) Most species are undescribed which the researchers say is the Linnean shortfall.

 (5) The distribution of described species is mostly unknown referred to by the researchers as the Wallacean shortfall.

 (6) The abundance of species and their changes in space and time are unknown referred to as the Prestonian shortfall

(7) Species ways of life and sensitivities to habitat change are largely unknown referred to as the Hutchinsonian shortfall.

The authors say recent developments in taxonomy, inventorying, monitoring, data compilation, statistical analysis and science communication makes it easy to overcome these impediments in both policy and practice.

Their suggestions run like this

For the public dilemma: better public information and marketing.

For the political dilemma: red-listing, legal priority listing and inclusion in environmental impact assessment studies.

 For the scientific dilemma: parataxonomy, citizen science programs and biodiversity informatics.

For the Linnean shortfall: biodiversity surrogacy, increased support for taxonomy and advances in taxonomic publications.

 For the Wallacean shortfall: funding of inventories, compilation of data in public repositories and species distribution modeling.

 For the Prestonian shortfall: standardized protocols for inventorying and monitoring, widespread use of analogous protocols and increased support for natural history collections.

 For the Hutchinsonian shortfall: identifying good indicator taxa and studying extinction rates by indirect evidence.

Restoration ecology – New direction needed

The restoration of biodiversity: Where has research been and where does it need to go?

Lars A. Brudvig

Am J Bot. 2011 Mar;98(3):549-58.

In this paper Dr Lars A. Brudvig says we need a new direction and impetus for restoration ecology.

Restoration iecology aims at increasing levels of biodiversity by modifying human-altered ecosystems. It provides conceptual guidance and tests of restoration strategies, with the ultimate goal of predictive landscape restoration.

Dr Brudvig construct a conceptual model for restoration of biodiversity, based on site-level (e.g., biotic and abiotic) conditions, landscape (e.g, interpatch connectivity and patch geometry), and historical factors (e.g., species arrival order and land-use legacies). He then asks how well restoration ecology has addressed the various components of this model.

During the past decade, restoration research has focused mainly on how the restoration of site-level factors promotes species diversity. Primary thrust has always been plants. Dr Brudvig says relatively little attention has been paid to how landscape or historical factors interplay with restoration, how restoration influences functional and genetic components of biodiversity, or how a suite of less-studied taxa might be restored.

The researcher present a number of avenues for future research to address often ignored linkages in the biodiversity restoration model. (Interplay of landscape and historical factors). These experiments may require multiple sites and many years of field work.

Dr Brudvig says we might move restoration ecology in a direction of stronger prediction, conducted across landscapes, thus providing feasible restoration strategies that work at scales over which biodiversity conservation occurs.

On the whole this paper is very thought provoking and provides ample fodder for thought

Four months left to save Yasuní national park, Ecuador

It was distressing to read in “Guardian” the plight of the Yasuní national park. Five years ago the state oil company Petroecuador discovered a massive new oil field estimated to yield nearly a billion barrels of oil in Block 31 of the Yasuní national park. It is worth worth a minimum $7-10bn

Extracting the oil would spell doom to one of the last great wildernesses. The park is also home to the the Tagaeri and the Taromenane, two of the world's last uncontacted tribes. The park has more species of plants, animals and insects per hectare than anywhere else on earth.


Ecuador prepared two plans. Plan A contemplated to leave the oil in the ground in perpetuity in return for half of its value from the rich countries of the world. Plan B was for extracting the oil. For the first time in history, a nation was ready to accept a binding agreement not to extract fossil fuels. If countries and individuals rustle up just half the "value" of the 960m barrels of oil – around $3.6bn – then Ecuador would guarantee to leave it there. The money raised would go to Yasuní and Ecuador's other national parks and towards education and hospitals.


If a downpayment of $100m is made by December, the forest and the indigenous groups will be left alone. If the money is not found, then a Chinese oil company will move in and that will be the end of Yasuní.
Around $40m has been raised so far but it is not enough. The environmentalists of Ecuador are making desperate appeals to individuals and Governments of the developed world.

Book Recommendation

                                                     

Here is a book that has been brought out by IUCN, a book on land restoration,with case studies from the dry lands of Latin America. It explicitly examines application of the forest landscape restoration (FLR) approach to dryland forest ecosystems in Latin America.

The research focused on seven dryland areas where native forests have been subjected to intense human pressure in recent decades, resulting in severe deforestation and degradation. Each of these areas is characterized by high biodiversity of international conservation importance, with many endemic, threatened species. Click here to read it

Invasive plant species can negatively alter soil communities.

Multiple mechanisms enable invasive species to suppress native species

Alison E. Bennett, Meredith Thomsen, and, Sharon Y. Strauss

Published online before print 17 June 2011, doi:10.3732/ajb.1000177Am. J. Bot. July 2011 vol. 98no. 7 

The latest research by Dr. Alison Bennett and Dr. Sharon Strauss at the University of California, Davis and Dr. Meredith Thomsen at the University of Wisconsin, La Crosse has shed light on some previously unknown effects of invasive species. Invasive plants are a significant threat to ecosystem biodiversity throughout the world.

Previous studies have focused on the effect of individual factors, such as release from native enemies, disturbance, or allelopathy, but the interactions among these factors have not been studied. Here the researchers studied the effects of four primary mechanisms that potentially contribute to the success of invasive velvetgrass, Holcus lanatus. Direct competition, changes to the soil community, indirect competition due to changes in herbivore feeding, and interference competition due to allelopathy were put under the scanner.

The researchers found that H. lanatus clearly hindered the germination, growth, and establishment of E. glaucus. The presence of H. lanatus altered soil communities. The researchers say the negative impact persists even after H. lanatus is removed. The researchers contend that the removal of competitors without attention to soil legacies may result in failure of native species to re-establish.

Trouble in Lemur Land

Here is an excellent video presented by Primatologist, Erik Patel. He presents the present status of Critically Endangered silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus). This species is considered to be one of the top 25 most endangered primates in the world. 


Trouble in Lemur Land from Erik R Patel on Vimeo.





Enjoy

Ramesh and his request for a suggestion on a good book on "Remote Sensing for Biodiversity and Wildlife Management".

The other day I got a request from Ramesh, my friend, to suggest a good book on "Remote Sensing for Biodiversity and Wildlife Management". The book that came to my mind is "Remote Sensing for Biodiversity and Wildlife Management: Synthesis and Applications" authored by Steven Franklin, president and vice chancellor at Trent University.

The book gives a good account of the Latest Advances in Remote Sensing for Biodiversity and wildlife conservation.

COVERAGE INCLUDES:

· Management information requirements

· Geospatial data collection and processing

· Thermal, passive and active microwave, and passive and active optical sensing

· Integrated remote sensing, GIS, GPS, and spatial models

· Remote sensing of ecosystem process and structure

· Proven methods for acquiring, interpreting, and analyzing remotely sensed data

· Habitat suitability and quality analysis

· Mapping anthropogenic disturbances and modeling species distribution

· Biodiversity indicators, including species richness mapping and productivity modeling

· Habitat quality and dynamics

· Indicators and processes

· Invasive alien species

· Species prediction models

· Food and resources

· Biodiversity monitoring

· Fragmentation and spatial heterogeneity

·         Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional

·         ISBN-10: 0071622470

·         ISBN-13: 978-0071622479

If you have better ideas about other books on the subject please share it here for the benefit of Ramesh

What’s environmentally good for one area may be an environmental disaster for an adjacent area

Shift in nesting ground of the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) in Judea, Israel – An effect of habitat change

Guilad Friedmann, Yoram Yom-Tov, Uzi Motro and Yossi Leshem

Biological Conservation
Volume 144, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 402-406

Here is a good paper from Israel that I came across recently. It deals with afforestation in an area and its unintended effect on the environment.

Tel Aviv University researchers, Guilad Friedmann, Yoram Yom-Tov, Uzi Motro and Yossi Leshe after extensive research says planting a new forest is a venture that is fraught with lot of ecological imponderables. Indigenous species tend to migrate to neighboring habitats and what’s environmentally good for one may be detrimental for another one.

Friedemann et al studied two raptor species in the Judean Foothills, the long-legged buzzard and the short-toed eagle. The long-legged buzzard’s habitat is the open spaces of the Judean Mountains. They use the mountain cliffs for nesting and hunting. The afforestation scheme launched by the forest department forced the long-legged buzzards to migrate elsewhere. They have relocated themselves to the trees of the Judean Foothills which in turn has threatened the nesting ground and food source of the short-toed eagle, its original inhabitants.

The researcher tracked the movements of both species throughout breeding season by tagging four buzzards and three eagles. He analyzed the food remains to determine the extent of competition for food sources between the two raptor species.

The results clearly indicated that the buzzards have usurped the eagles' habitat. The eagles were losing out.

Here is a case where afforestation, instead of a positive contribution to the environment, was the cause of habitat destruction. This should serve as a cautionary note for us. Detailed impact studies need to be done before we embark on any ambitious project. The researcher says a broader consideration of not just of the directly affected area, but of neighboring areas as well needs to be taken in to account. He adds that in this case, harm might have been avoided by setting aside a swathe of land where the buzzards could continue to nest and hunt. This conclusion has broad implications for our landscape planning and policy implementation. 

Improving the reliability of Individual animal identification based on Camera-Trapping Data

A Novel Method to Improve Individual Animal Identification Based on Camera-Trapping Data

EDUARDO MENDOZA, PIERRE R. MARTINEAU, ELLIOTT BRENNER, RODOLFO DIRZO.

The Journal of Wildlife Management 75(4):973–979; 2011; DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.120

Picture-based individual identification of animals is largely based on ad hoc protocols. This in turn tends to strongly rely on human visual inspection of pictures.  Mis-identification can produce significant biases in population estimates. In the paper referred to above the researchers present a novel method to improve individual identification of animals based on camera-trapping data. Application of their method to bobcat (Lynx rufus) resulted in a marked increase (300%) in agreement between classifiers.

An initial ARI value of 0.28 increased to a final value of 0.84 (1 ¼ maximum agreement). In contrast, comparisons involving random picture groupings consistently rendered low ARI values (<0.05). The numbers of individuals named by the 2 users decreased from initial values of 46 and 43 to final values of 25 and 29, respectively.

The researchers sign off saying “tool presented here will help researchers and wildlife managers to identify individual mammals and monitor populations.”

I thank, Dr Eduardo Mendoza, for graciously sending me a copy of the paper

Science as a tool to guide conservation prioritization

Using science to guide conservation: From landscape modelling to increased connectivity in the Taita Hills, SE Kenya

Mwangi Githiru, Luc Lens,Frank Adriaensen, James Mwang’ombe and Erik Matthysen

Journal for Nature Conservation
Article in Press, Available online 12 June 2011

Communication gaps between scientists, stakeholders and policy makers make using of science knowledge to guide conservation difficult. In this paper the researchers demonstrate how they have managed to integrate scientific knowledge into consensually formulated conservation actions in the Taita Hills, Kenya.

The scientist used GIS-based least-cost modelling, together with sociological and forest characteristics  to determine and prioritize the most appropriate areas for reforestation from a set of exotic forest plantations targeted for conversion into indigenous forests.

This prioritisation was done through a succession of three workshops. The workshops were conducted on site). The Views of multiple stakeholders were heard to build consensus on conservation actions, and formulate an implementation policy.

The researchers say the key lesson they  learned from this exercise was that bridging the gap between science and conservation demands a very open, inter-disciplinary strategy, initiated and executed jointly by a diverse group of people that includes the Government (policy-makers and implementers), NGOs (conservationists and environmental advocates), scientists (researchers), conservationists and the local community.

The researchers signs off with the following comment. “This study provides a pointer for what it may take to integrate human issues with sustained environmental management based on scientific knowledge.”

The IUCN Annual Lake Swim

The IUCN Annual Lake Swim is taking place today (3rd August). The IUCN Annual Lake Swim began in 2006 when Jane Smart of IUCN swam across the lake together with Liz Radford of Plantlife, in memory of environmentalist and former IUCN Council Member Richard Sandbrook in aid of WaterAid. With the arrival of Julia Marton Lefèvre as Director General in 2007, the event was enthusiastically adopted as an annual one. The team of swimmers from IUCN crosses the lake each year in aid of a good cause and in celebration of the beauties of nature.

In 2011 IUCN will be raising funds in aid of The People of Japan following the tragic events which took place in March of this year. This year’s swim will raise  funds for the Red Cross Society of Japan. All the funds raised will go directly to the people affected on the ground. For donations please visit the following link: http://www.indiegogo.com/IUCN-Annual-Lake-Swim-2011.

The swim is from Nernier in France to Prangins, near Nyon in Switzerland. The distance is 4.24 km - although in reality the distance will be nearer 6 km - because it is never possible to swim in a completely straight line!

This year’s swimmers are:
Jane Smart, Captain
Mette Bovenschulte
Suzan Craig
Chloe Hill
Julia Marton-Lefèvre
Lilly Powell (Jane’s daughter)
Trevor Sandwith
Laura Seidl (Andy’s wife)
Claire Warmembol

The captains will be Bertrand de Montmollin, Chair of the Swiss National Committee for IUCN and Chair of the IUCN SSC Mediterranean Island Plant Specialist Group, and Christian Laufenberg.  They will be accompanied by first mates Kaori Yasuda and Poppy Powell (Jane’s 2nd daughter).

Biological process of dispersal – When it comes to urban fox the moms decide who should be chucked out

Mother Knows Best: Dominant Females Determine Offspring Dispersal in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

Helen M. Whiteside, Deborah A. Dawson, Carl D. Soulsbury, and Stephen Harris

Based on their 33 years of field study aided with DNA inputs, researchers Helen M. Whiteside, Deborah A. Dawson, Carl D. Soulsbury, and Stephen Harris have come to the conclusion that dominant mothers in urban fox (Vulpes vulpes) played a key role in shaping the group dynamics of the mammals. They decide which cubs get to stay and which ones must leave the group and find a new territory. This study is claimed to be the first study to identify the importance of juvenile dispersal among social mammals.

The researchers experienced lot of difficulty to work out family trees. Combining data collected in the field with DNA paternity testing allowed the team to overcome the difficulty.

The team worked out dispersal strategy based on the male cubs' genetic relationship with the dominant female. The researchers say it is an out-breeding mechanism, which stops them breeding with their mothers and cub dispersal appeared to be much more important for female foxes than males. The researchers say “Relatedness to the dominant male had no effect on dispersal in offspring of either sex, whereas there was a strong effect of relatedness to resident females on offspring dispersal independent of population density. Males with dominant mothers dispersed significantly more often than males with subordinate mothers, whereas dispersing females were significantly more likely to have subordinate mothers compared to philopatric females.”

The researchers sign off underlining the fact that their research provides a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of the key biological process of dispersal

The paper which appears in Plos One is an open access document